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Composer Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky Choreography George Balanchine Costume Design: Karinska Original Lighting Design Ronald Bates Music Serenade in C Major for String Orchestra World Premiere: March 1, 1935 American Ballet, Adelphi Theater; New York Original Cast: Leda Anchutina, Holly Howard, Elise Reiman, Elena de Rivas, Sylvia Giselle (Gisella Caccialanza), Helen Leitch, Annabelle Lyon, Kathryn Mullowny, Heidi Vosseler, Charles Laskey, Ruthanna Boris
Serenade is a milestone in the history of dance. It is the first original ballet Balanchine created in America and is one of the signature works of New York City Ballet's repertory. The ballet is performed by 28 dancers in blue costumes before a blue background. Originating as a lesson in stage technique, Balanchine worked unexpected rehearsal events into the choreography. When one student fell, he incorporated it. Another day, a student arrived late, and this too became part of the ballet.
After its initial presentation, Serenade was reworked several times. In its present form there are four movements --"Sonatina," "Waltz," "Russian Dance," and "Elegy." The last two movements reverse the order of Tschaikovsky's score, ending the ballet on a note of sadness.
Balanchine had a special affinity for Tschaikovsky. "In everything that I did to Tschaikovsky's music," he told an interviewer, "I sensed his help. It wasn't real conversation. But when I was working and saw that something was coming of it, I felt that it was Tschaikovsky who had helped me."
"I think today we will make some little choreography," George Balanchine told a group of young dancers one morning in 1934. With those modest words, he began work on Serenade, one of the seminal ballets of his career. It is the first work Balanchine choreographed in the United States, marking the beginning of a journey that would see him shape classical dance in this country. Ballet in America did not begin with Balanchine, but he certainly defined it.
Balanchine choreographed Serenade on students at the School of American Ballet, which he co-founded with Lincoln Kirstein a few months after his arrival from Europe. SAB opened its doors on January 2, 1934, to thirty-two students who already had a considerable amount of training and who hoped to become professional ballet dancers. "When I first came here the dancers available were not very good," Balanchine once said. "I not only taught them in class but I also created ballets that would make them dance. No story to lean upon. Just dancing."
Serenade, danced to Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Serenade in C for Strings (with the last two movements of the score played in reverse order), was conceived as a vehicle that would enable the students to participate in the creative process and learn what it is like to perform onstage. It is an ensemble work: Only with the passage of time did Balanchine individualize some of the roles. There were seventeen girls in class on the day Balanchine began choreographing the ballet, so that was the number he used in the opening. (He once said that his placement of those seventeen girls "almost looks like orange groves in California. If I'd had only sixteen - an even amount - it would have been two lines. Now people ask me, 'Why did you place them that way?' Because I had seventeen.") Nine girls showed up the next day, and he fashioned another section for them. He continued to choreograph for whatever number of dancers he had.
What is most memorable about Serenade is its ever-shifting patterns, its sweeping movement, its haunting beauty. Although Serenade tells no story, it resonates with atmosphere. The ballet contains hints of romance, longing, mystery, heartbreak, and death, even if, in his Complete Stories of the Great Ballets, Balanchine insisted, "The only story is the music's story, a serenade, a dance, if you like, in the light of the moon."
More than sixty-five years after its premiere on June 9, 1934, Serenade continues to cast its spell on audiences. It is a signature piece of New York City Ballet and one of Balanchine's most popular works, performed by countless companies throughout the world. In 1952 Serenade became the first Balanchine ballet to enter the repertory of San Francisco Ballet, marking the beginning of an unwavering relationship between the Company and the choreographer.
Ruthanna Boris, who is probably best known as the choreographer of Cakewalk, was one of the first students at SAB and a member of the original cast of Serenade. Several years ago she talked about the ballet, and vividly recalled how Balanchine went about choreographing the ballet's first movement, turning an as yet little-known symbol of horror into a thing of beauty.
"We hadn't heard a note of music; we had no idea what was going on," she aid. "Balanchine had been in Germany before he came to the United States, and he used to say to us, 'In Germany there is this awful man. My size. But he wears a mustache, and I do not have a mustache. And I am not an awful man.' He kept talking about this awful man, but he never mentioned his name. He said, 'When big crowds of people see that man, they do this' ?and he did the Nazi salute."
¡°Eventually, Balanchine asked the dancers to stand with their feet parallel. Ballet has five basic positions; parallel is not one of them. "He said, 'This position doesn't have a number, and I use it all the time,'" Boris related. "'So we will give it the number six.' Then he went back to the awful man and did the Nazi salute. And he said again, 'I am not awful. So for me maybe you go like this.'"
"This," in effect, was a modification and softening of that grotesque salute, which became the exquisite opening image of Serenade. The seventeen women stand in "sixth" position; their right arms are raised high in front of them, and they stare up at the back of their hands. "I learned later that Balanchine was politically astute and humanely aware," Boris said. "He must have been horrified by Hitler. I saw the look on his face when he did that awful salute. It was the look of a child discovering something. A light went on. He worked out of his unconscious and made something wonderful."
Part of the ballet's legend is how one of the dancers fell during rehearsal and Balanchine used that in the piece. "We were exiting, and Heidi Vosseler didn't quite make it," said Boris. "She started to scramble up, and Balanchine said, 'No. Stay there.'" Another day Anabelle Lyon came in late, and he used that also. (It's the moment when the seventeen women are in their original pose, and another woman wanders in. She looks around as she makes her way downstage, then joins the ensemble in the same pose.)
Serenade has undergone various changes, major and minor, since its premiere, but the essence of the piece remains the same. According to Boris, the ballet was deeply personal for Balanchine.
"I was watching a rehearsal with Balanchine one day, and he said, 'You know, I am supposed to be dead,'" Boris said. "He'd had tuberculosis before he came to the United States and had been terribly sick. He said, 'But I came back. For me every day is new. Every day is one. I am here now. Now is everything.' And I think that's what you see in Serenade. If Serenade is about anything, it's about harmony."
Program Notes by Sheryl Flatow

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